David Attenborough, Frozen Planet trailer


British environmentalist and filmmaker Sir David Attenborough
his BBC documentary series "Frozen Planet," 


ICC witnesses have right to apply for asylum, held Dutch court


ICC witnesses have right to apply for asylum, held Dutch court
28 December 2011

An Amsterdam court has ruled that three witnesses from the Democratic Republic of Congo appearing at the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague must be given the right to apply for refugee status in the Netherlands. A fourth witness case is still pending

This contravenes an earlier decision made by the Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND), which refused to follow the advice of the ICC.

This contravenes an earlier decision made by the Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND), which refused to follow the advice of the ICC.

The four witnesses were sentenced to jail in the DRC for 60 days back in 2005, but have remained imprisoned ever since.  Defence lawyers in the ICC trial against Katanga requested they be brought to the Netherlands to give evidence in 2011. The DRC agreed, but on condition the witnesses be returned to the DRC.

But because their testimony incriminated the Congolese president, they face persecution and possible execution. Following the ICC’s appeal to protect them, the witnesses applied for asylum in May 2011

Kinshasa, meanwhile, is furious by developments in the case – as the ICC has basically reneged on its agreement with the DRC - and has said it will block the transfer of any more witnesses to The Hague unless those currently on loan to the court are sent back.

Laurent Gbagbo, Former Ivory Coast President Held By ICC


NPR, All Things Considered 08:00 PM EST
December 1, 2011 Thursday
Former Ivory Coast President Held By ICC

Laurent Gbagbo, the former president of Ivory Coast, is spending his first full day in detention at The Hague. And Monday, he'll go before the ICC, the first former head of state ever to do so. Gbagbo is charged with crimes against humanity, allegedly committed when he clung to power after losing last year's presidential election.

the turmoil last year, that troubled election and the conflict that followed.

It's exactly a year ago this week that Ivory Coast held the runoff of the presidential election between Laurent Gbagbo, the sitting president, and Alassane Ouattara, who is the new president.

Laurent Gbagbo's supporters on the electoral commission decided that they weren't going to allow the results to be announced.

for the first four months of this year, that open conflict between pro-Gbagbo loyalists, soldiers and fighters who were backing Alassane Ouattara and his prime minister, fought. And it came to open battle in the main city, Abidjan.

Laurent Gbagbo eventually - after holding onto power, refusing to step down - took refuge in the bunker of his official residence. And he was captured there, finally.

3,000 people were killed in the violence.

He is charged with crimes against humanity. And those include rape and murder, and other sexual crimes. Now, he's been charged as a co-conspirator because obviously, Laurent Gbagbo didn't go out and commit the murders himself. But of course, his troops are the ones who are alleged to have committed the murders.

it's not just Gbagbo's side. He is the first big fish to be netted by the ICC. Gbagbo's supporters are saying what about those who killed on Ouattara's side.  Opposition fighters loyal to Alassane Ouattara, who deposed Gbagbo were also accused of terrible things in Ivory Coast.  Supporters of Gbagbo say this is victor's justice.

He told the court that conditions in ICC detention centre are fine, adding “If I had been asked, I would have bought a ticket and got on a plane to The Hague myself.”

“I was arrested under French shelling, about 50 French tanks surrounded my residence, and helicopters dropped bombs… I saw my minister of the interior killed in front of me. I saw my son arrested and beaten.”In an apparent admission that he was still in control of Ivory Coast’s regular armed forces at the time, Gbagbo then said, “We were handed over to the forces of Outtara – who were not the regular forces of the country, because the regular forces were with me.”

He went on to describe the conditions of his imprisonment, saying he couldn’t see the sun from his cell and that he wasn’t permitted to take a walk, but insisted he was not asking for the court’s pity.

He complained that a snap hearing had been arranged last week at which he was handed an arrest warrant. “Then they told me I was being taken to Abidjan… they didn’t even have the courage to tell me I was being taken to The Hague. I’m telling you this so that this won’t happen again. It’s a good thing not to play hide and seek.”
The court’s public gallery was packed with Gbagbo supporters who made their presence noisily felt by loudly singing the Ivory Coast national anthem as the hearing drew to a close. Security guards, who usually keep a tight grip on any noise in the gallery, were powerless to stop the outpouring of support.
Gbagbo is expected to appear again on June 18, 2012 when the court will deliberate the evidence and the charges against him.

Limited Options to De-Escalate Violence in Syria


NPR, Talk Of The Nation 02:00 PM EST, December 5, 2011 Monday
Limited Options to De-Escalate Violence in Syria

intro
Over the weekend, as the number killed rose over 4,000, one U.N. official took the considered step of describing the situation in Syria as a civil war.  While much of the opposition to the government of Bashar al-Assad remains peaceful, (1) defectors from the military have taken up arms, (2) neighborhoods have formed ad-hoc militias, (3) political and military opposition groups have established a presence across the border in Turkey

Syria responded positively to an Arab League peace plan, but whether it will actually implement that plan remains to be seen.
The Arab League peace plan that the Syrian government has reacted positively to today calls for the withdrawal of armed troops, armored troops from Syrian cities. It also calls for outside observers to come in and for free access for journalists
France has raised the idea of humanitarian corridors to bring aid to embattled cities.
Former ally Turkey suggested safety zones along the border.
Opposition groups call for a no-fly zone, which as a practical matter would have to be led by the United States. 

What are the options for U.S. policy in Syria?

the Arab League
the Arab League sanctions has the symbolic effect of ostracizing Syria as a country from the Arab community, from the Arab world ; the signal that that sends to some of Assad's supporters who see Syria as the beating heart of the Arab world
Nabil el-Araby, the head of the Arab League, has already rebuffed the idea of this agreement with the Arab League proposal, saying they're just wasting time, these conditions are not acceptable.
The indications are lifting the sanctions seems rather unlikely.

Turkey   
a former ally of the Bashar al-Assad government and now seemingly among the most determined opponents
(a former ally)
Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the prime minister of Turkey, made an effort to rebuild relations with Syria that had grown very bad back in the '90s - this was over the Kurdish rebellion issue - but, once the new AKP government of Turkey came in in 2002, there were years of rebuilding going on. 
The prime minister of Turkey and the president of Syria would take vacations together. They would visit each other. A personal relationship began to develop. The free trade agreement between the two countries signed in 2007 showed a booming growth .. between southeastern Turkey, the Gaziantep area and Aleppo in the north of Syria. And now all of that is just reversed immediately, at least for now. 
(biz b/w the states dried up)
the Syrian consulate in Gaziantep area is closed. The taxis .. into Aleppo, crossing this border without any paperwork .. are all gone. 
these trade ties are much more important to Syria than they are to Turkey, and combined with all of the other sanctions, Arab League, European, Canadian, American, this could really start to hurt them. 
(no fly zone, safety zone along the border)
opposition groups in Syria say we need a no-fly zone as there was in Libya, a no-drive zone to keep those Syrian armored groups from moving around and hitting us in our cities.
-       There is not appetite for that in Turkey. most especially there is not if a Turkish military involvement is going to be heavy or prominent. for fear of intervention by Syria’s allies, Hezbollah or Iran  
Turkish foreign minister talked about the establishment of areas of protection for Syrians across the Syrian border in Syria, protected by Turkish armed force
-       To be clear, he said safety zone may become necessary if we see hundreds of thousands of people fleeing
-       Turkey has also made it very clear that they have no desire to be out front on this effort. There is really very little, if any, desire in the foreign policy circles in Ankara to be out front on this. They would much rather see the Arab League and the U.N. and preferably other folks as well involved. 
-       Turkey does not want to go into Syria and take territory. There was a moment back in the spring where the two armies were lined up side-by-side, and it was a bit tense. Neither side really wants to get into that kind of a confrontation
If Syria and Turkey somehow get involved militarily, Turkey's a member of NATO. It could entangle NATO in this conflict. Iran factor.

The UN SC
clearly many more people killed in Syria than had been killed in Libya when NATO forces intervened there
unlike the situation involving Libya, there is no agreement at the Security Council to issue a Chapter Seven use of force to protect civilian life. It's unlikely that there will be, but Russia and China oppose it. 

the US
the United States is putting its weight behind this effort (Arab League proposal), along with sanctions. However flawed these options may be, they are the best ones, given the potential consequences of further intervention.
with the U.S. now going into an election year, there will not be a huge appetite in Washington for raising the profile of this issue if they don't have to. 

the potential consequences of military intervention
Syria is not Libya for a number of reasons. Syria is an ethnic and sectarian mosaic.
the consequences of greater civil war would be disastrous for the surrounding region. It's connected to Jordan and Lebanon. It could potentially prompt intervention by its allies, Hezbollah or Iran.
the symbolic effects of any type of U.S. or multilateral intervention on the Assad regime, that it could really give Assad the ammunition he needs to increase his crackdown

Libya vs. Syria  
In Libya, half the country suddenly breaking away, and you had safe areas almost immediately within days.
Here, these rebels in Syria, they don't have that. They do not have an army that is willing to turn on its leader. It is still essentially loyal, especially at the higher officer corps level, and we are seeing anecdotal notes of defections. some of these defecting soldiers start to turn against their colleagues, but that is a long, slow, incremental process,

sanction
the goal here is: A, to change the regime's calculus, to reduce the crackdown but also to induce defections among Assad's supporters, some of the wealthy merchant families in Damascus and Aleppo, who may be sitting on the fence. If they're feeling the economic pain, they may shift over to the opposition.

Free Syrian Army
The Free Syrian Army has been organized in refugee camps on the Turkish side of the border. How big is it? How well-organized is it? Are they staging cross-border raids? What's going on? 
-       it's a bit opaque. The Free Syrian Army is made up of defecting soldiers. Within Syria, they are somewhat scattered. It's not easy for them to communicate. The commander, Colonel Riyad al-Asad, is in a camp in Hatay Province in southeastern Turkey. He's closely guarded.

geographical scope of crackdown
very much inside Syria. Even some of the people who have escaped to Lebanon or Turkey are very worried about secret service. There have been reports of kidnappings.

Peter Kenyon, foreign correspondent for NPR, joined us from Istanbul
Fred Wehrey is a senior policy analyst with the Rand Corporation who specializes in Middle East policy

The seven core figures behind Kim Jong-un



Top: In this image from KRT television, Kim Jong-un walks next to his father Kim Jong-il's hearse along with seven core officials during the funeral procession in Pyongyang on Wednesday. /AFP-Yonhap; Bottom: From 1 to 8, Kim Jong-un, Jang Song-taek, Kim Ki-nam, Choe Tae-bok, Ri Yong-ho, Kim Yong-chun, Kim Jong-gak, and U Dong-chuk

December 30, 2011

The 'Gang of 7' Behind Kim Jong-un

During Kim Jong-il's funeral on Wednesday, seven officials apart from new leader Kim Jong-un walked alongside the hearse carrying the body, in a sign that they will form the inner core of the new regime. The seven "publicly declared their loyalty and allegiance to Kim Jong-il and his heir Jong-un. They will be the core figures of the new era," a South Korean official said.

The seven figures are connected in a complex web of power dynamics. Primus inter pares was Kim Jong-un's uncle Jang Song-taek, who stood right behind him. Long believed to have been a kind of eminence grise behind the throne, he is an influential figure in the Workers Party, having spent a long time in the party's powerful Organization and Guidance Department, which plays the role of a commissariat.

Jang also basks in the reflected glory of his dead older brothers who were generals -- Song-u, who died in 2009, and Song-gil, who died in 2006. He therefore has a strong support base in the military as well and is in a good position to monitor any opposition as he serves as the director of the party's Administration Department, which manages intelligence. Ironically his weakness, like Beria's after the death of Stalin, could be that he has too much power. Although he quietly stood behind Kim Jong-il at official events dressed in a Mao suit, he appeared for the first time wearing a general's uniform at the dead leader's coffin, standing behind Kim Jong-un.

The other six also enjoyed a series of promotions since Kim Jong-un was made heir to the throne in January 2009. Vice Marshal Ri Yong-ho is Kim Jong-un's military tutor and chief of the Army's General Staff. Then there was Kim Jong-gak, the first deputy director of the Army's General Political Bureau, which monitors every movement of North Korean Army officers. Chung Sung-jang, a senior researcher at the Sejong Institute said, "Kim Jong-gak played the most important role in Kim Jong-un getting a grip on the military."

U Dong-chuk, the first deputy director of the State Security Department and a member of the National Defense Commission, is also regarded as one of the closest aides to Kim Jong-un. A source said, "It was the State Security Department where Kim Jong-un first went to learn about government. For Jong-un, who didn't have much time, it was his priority to become familiar with the security department." As a reward for his active cooperation with Jong-un, U was promoted in 2009 and again in 2010, to the position of general.

Kim Yong-chun, a vice chairman of the National Defense Commisson which ran the country in Kim Jong-il's day, found himself standing behind Ri Yong-ho. He became one of the closest aides to Kim Jong-il after he thwarted a coup attempt in the 6th Corps in 1995, but has not been promoted recently. At a party congress in September last year, he failed to become a standing member of the Politburo, and remained a member of the party's Central Military Commission under Ri.

Kim Ki-nam, director of the party's Propaganda Department, and Choe Tae-bok, chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly, who are two very senior figures of the Workers Party, are also part of the Gang of Seven.

Kim Jong-un will need to depend heavily on Kim Ki-nam, who has 45 years of experience in propaganda and masterminded the personality cult surrounding the Kim dynasty. He led a North Korean delegation that visited Seoul to pay respects after the death of former president Kim Dae-jung in August 2009.

Choe, who has worked in education and science, is likely to have been entrusted with technological development. After Kim Jong-un was appointed as the successor, North Korean media suddenly began to highlight science and technology, praising Jong-un for fostering what it quaintly referred to as "computerized numerical control" or CNC. A source on North Korea said, "Kim Jong-un needs his own brand, in the same way that Kim Il-sung had the 'juche' [or self-reliance] doctrine and Kim Jong-il the 'songung' [or military-first] policy, and that's likely to come from science and technology."

김근태, 이근안


85 1219일 법정에서 김근태 전 장관이 한 진술입니다.

"본인은 9월 한 달 동안, 9 4일부터 9 20일까지 전기고문과 물고문을 각 5시간 정도 당했습니다. 전기고문을 주로 하고 물고문은 전기고문으로 발생하는 쇼크를 완화하기 위해 가했습니다. 고문을 하는 동안 비명이 바깥으로 새어나가지 않게 하기 위해 라디오를 크게 틀었습니다. 그리고 비명 때문에 목이 부어서 말을 하지 못하게 되면 즉각 약을 투여하여 목을 트이게 하였습니다. (어지러운 듯 말을 중단하고 난간을 붙들면서 잠깐 쉬었다.)

이러한 과정에서 94일 각 5시간씩 두 차례 물고문을 당했고, 95,9 6일 각 한차례씩의 전기고문과 물고문을 골고루 당했습니다. 8일에는 두 차례 전기고문과 물고문을 당했고. 10일 한차례, 13.......... 13일의 금요일입니다. 9 13일 고문자들은 본인에게 "최후의 만찬이다.""예수가 죽었던 최후의 만찬이다." "너 장례날이다." 이러한 협박을 가하면서 두차례의 전기고문을 가했습니다..... 그 다음에 20일날 전기고문과 물고문을 한 차례 받았습니다. 그리고 25일날 집단적인 폭행을 당했으며 그 후 여러 차례 구타를 당했습니다.

물론 잠을 못 잔 것은 말할 필요도 없고 밥을 굶긴 것도 대략 절반쯤 됩니다. 고문 때문에 13일 이후에는 밥을 먹지 못했고 그 후유증으로 지금까지 밥을 먹지 못합니다.

가방을 갖고 다니면서 그 가방에 고문도구를 들고 다니는 건장한 사내는 본인에게 "장의사 사업이 이제야 제철을 만났다. 이재문 (남민전 사건의 주범,옥사했음)이가 어떻게 죽었는지 아느냐.. 속으로 부서져서 병사를 했다. 너도 각오해라. 지금은 네가 당하고 민주화가 되면 내가 그 고문대 위에 서 줄테니까 그때 너가 복수를 해라" 이러한 참혹한 이야기를 하며 본인에 대한 동물적인 능욕을 가해왔습니다.

뿐만 아니라 고문을 받는 과정에서 본인은 알몸이 되고 알몸상태로 고문대 위에 묶여졌습니다. 추위와 신체적으로 위축돼 있는 상태에서 본인에 대해 성적인 모욕까지 가했습니다. 말씀드리면 제 생식기를 가리키면서 "이것도 좆이라고 달고다녀? 민주화 운동 하는 놈들은 다 이따위야!" 이렇게, 말하자면 깔아뭉개고 용납할 수 없는 만행을 저질렀습니다.

고문을 할 때는 온몸을 발가벗기고 눈을 가렸습니다. 그 다음에 고문대에 눕히면서 몸을 다섯군데를 묶었습니다. 발목과 무르팍과 허벅지와 배와 가슴을 완전히 동여매고 그 밑에 담요를 깝니다. 머리와 가슴, 사타구니에는 전기고문이 잘 되게 하기 위해서 물을 뿌리고 발에는 전원을 연결 시켰습니다.

처음엔 약하고 짧게 점차 강하고 길게, 강약을 번갈아하면서 전기고문이 진행되는 동안 죽음의 그림자가 코앞에 다가와 (이때 방청석에서 울음이 터지기 시작, 본인도 울먹이며 진술함) 이때 마음속으로 "무릎을 꿇고 사느니보다 서서 죽기를 원한다." (방청석은 울음바다가 되고 심지어 교도관들조차 숙연해짐)는 노래를 뇌까리면서 과연 이것을 지켜내기 위한 인간적인 결단이 얼마나 어려운 것인가를 절감했습니다. 죽음의 그림자가 드리울 때마다 아우슈비츠 수용소를 연상했으며 이러한 비인간적인 상황에 대한 인간적인 절망에 몸서리쳤습니다. (방청석 통곡)

그들은 고문을 하면서 "시집간 딸이 잘 사는지 모르겠다." "아들놈이 체력장을 잘 치뤘는지 모르겠다."는 등 자신의 가족들에 대한 애정 어린 말들을 주고 받았으며 본인에게도 이야기 했습니다. 어떻게 이처럼 고문과 폭력적 행위를 자행하는 자들이 개인의 가족들에게는 인간적인 사랑을 줄 수 있단 말입니까? 이렇게 양면성이 공존할 수도 있단 말입니까? 그러나 그 가운데서도 인간에 대한 희망이 다 사라지지는 않았습니다.

고문을 전담하던 자 중의 한 사람은 -이름을 밝히진 않겠지만- 나중에 혼자서 제 손을 잡고 이야기하기를 "고문하는 것을 보고 구역질이 났다. 여기서 빨리나가라. 허위로라도 다 인정해라. 여기 있으면 당신은 죽는다"고 울면서 얘기했습니다. 결국 920일이 되어서는 도저히 버텨내지 못하게 만신창이가 되었고 9 25일에는 마침내 항복을 하게 되었습니다. 하루만 더 버티면 여기서 나갈 수 있는 마지막 날이 된다는 것을 알았지만 더 버틸 수 없었습니다. 그날 그들은 집단폭행을 가한 후 본인에게 알몸으로 바닥을 기며 살려달라고 애원하며 빌라고 했습니다. 저는 그들이 요구하는 대로 할 수 밖에 없었고 그들이 쓰라는 조서내용을 보고 쓸 수밖에 없었습니다."

==================

단독인터뷰 ‘고문기술자’ 이근안 격정토로 2
그 시절 심문(審問)은 ‘예술’이었다
이수영 기자  |  severo@dailysun.co.kr , [825] 승인 2010.02.16  10:12:14

“나를 둘러싼 논란과 주위의 비난이 두렵다.

이근안 전 경감과의 단독 인터뷰가 보도된 직후인 지난 8일 그는 [일요서울]에 직접 전화를 걸어왔다. “저 이근안 목사입니다”라고 말문을 연 그는 덤덤한 말투로 기자의 안부를 물은 뒤 “주말 부천의 모 교회에서 신앙 간증을 마쳤다”며 자신의 근황도 전했다.

“이야기를 가감 없이 전달해줘 고맙다”는 인사 말미에서야 이 전 경감은 조심스럽게 속내를 털어놓기 시작했다. 그는 “앞으로 나갈 인터뷰 내용 중 몇몇 인사들과 얽힌 일화는 빼달라”고 정중히 요청했다. 김근태 전 복지부 장관을 비롯한 재직당시 공안사건 주역들 얘기다.

사건 비화가 담길 금주 보도를 염려한 듯했다. 이 전 경감은 지난호( 824호 참고)를 통해 사건과 관련해 기존 알려졌던 주장들이 상당부분 과장됐거나 허위라고 밝힌 바 있다. 이때 그는 자신의 근황과 과거 도피, 수감생활을 털어놨다. [일요서울]은 지난호에 이어 더욱 충격적인 이 전 경감의 격정토로를 지상 중계한다. 이 전 경감이 전하는 진실은 우리가 알고 있는 것과 많은 차이가 있다. 지금부터 목회자인 그가 십자가를 가슴에 대고 고해성사하듯 털어놓는 김근태 전 장관 고문, 남민전 사건의 진실을 들어보자.

인터뷰 내용을 일부 보도하지 말아달라는 이 전 경감의 부탁에 “본인의 인터뷰 내용이 거짓이었느냐”고 반문했다. 이 전 경감은 펄쩍 뛰었다. 그는 “이제 와서 내가 왜 거짓말을 하겠느냐”면서도 “하지만 내가 아무리 해명을 해도 사람들은 여전히 ‘이근안’을 손가락질 하고 욕한다. 그 모욕감을 견딜 자신이 없다”고 긴 한숨을 토했다.

그동안 이어진 여러 고문피해자들의 증언은 이 전 경감이 [일요서울]을 통해 밝힌 당시 상황과 정반대다. 과연 누구의 입이 진실을 말하고 있는 것일까.

군사정권 시절 ‘빨갱이’로 몰렸던 이들은 DJ정권 이후 민주투사가 됐다. 그리고 빨갱이를 잡던 ‘파수꾼’은 17년간 도피와 수감생활 끝에 ‘고문기술자’라는 주홍글씨를 단 ‘죄인’이 됐다. 역사의 아이러니 속에 피해자와 가해자가 뒤바뀐 것이다. 그러나 이들 사이엔 아직 풀리지 않은 숙제가 있다. 양쪽 모두 피해자라 주장하는 가운데 적어도 이들 중 한쪽은 진실을 왜곡하고 있다.

이 전 경감은 재직시절 피의자를 심문하는 과정에서 ‘강제심문’이 있었다는 점을 인정하고 있다. 그러나 끔찍한 고문기술은 없었다고 그는 단호히 말했다. 일반에 알려진 것처럼 잔혹한 고문이 동원된 적은 없다는 게 그의 주장이다. 강제심문과 고문, 그 아슬아슬한 경계선에서 과거의 피해자와 현재의 피해자가 엇갈리는 증언을 내놓고 있다.

다음은 이 전 경감과의 일문일답 전문이다.

※ 주관적인 입장을 배제하고 논란을 최소화하기 위해 이 전 경감과의 대화는 일문일답으로 엮었다.

“강압심문 있었지만 ‘고문기술’ 없었다”

- 심문 과정에서 ‘무자비한’ 고문이 실제 있었나.
▲ ‘심문’은 혐의가 확실하고 물증이 있는 용의자를 조사하는 것이다. 문제는 72시간 안에 모든 심문을 마쳐야 한다는 점이다. 공안사건에 연루된 피의자 대부분은 묵비권을 행사하거나 자해를 하는 등 조사에 비협조적이다. 모든 수단을 다 동원해도 심문이 안 되면 할 수 없이 ‘강압심문’을 하게 된다.

- ‘강압심문’이 고문 아닌가.
▲ 주먹으로 몇 대 쥐어박거나 유도(
柔道)기술을 이용해 업어치기정도는 했다. 이것을 ‘고문’이라 한다면 변명하지 않겠다. 하지만 그 이상의 가혹행위는 없었다.

- ‘관절빼기’ ‘볼펜심 꽂기’ ‘통닭구이’ 등등 직접 고안한 것으로 알려진 고문기술들이 상당히 다양하다. 이런 기술들을 단 한 번도 동원하지 않았다는 말인가.
▲ 그 기술들이 어떤 것인지 나도 최근에야 알았다. 오랫동안 무도(
武道)를 한 내가 그렇게 치사한 기술을 동원했다는 주장에 기가 막혔다. 내가 저지른 일은 당당히 “했다”고 인정할 수 있다. 분명히 말하지만 그런 기술들은 써본 적도 없고 어떻게 하는 건지도 모른다.

- 이상의 고문기술이 처음부터 존재하지 않는 것들이란 얘긴가.
▲ 그렇다. 일부 언론이 나를 ‘관절빼기의 명수’라고 부르던데 상식적으로 관절을 뽑으면 주위 인대가 늘어난다. 늘어난 인대는 관절을 다시 끼운다 해도 금방 회복되지 않아 상당기간 깁스 등 치료를 받아야 한다. 그런데 깁스하고 재판 받은 사람이 단 한 명이라도 있었는가. 과거 심문과정에서 난동을 부리는 피의자 몇 명을 완력으로 제압하다 팔이 빠지는 경우가 있긴 했다. 아마 이런 일화들 때문에 내게 ‘기술자’라는 호칭이 붙은 것 같다. 하지만 이런 경우는 피의자를 제압하는 과정에서 충분히 있을 수 있는 사고다.

- 고문피해자 상당수가 “고문기술자 이근안의 가혹행위로 정상적인 생활이 불가능할 정도의 고통을 당했다”고 증언했다.
▲ 쫓기던 시절에는 이 사람들이 도대체 왜 조사만 받고 나오면 ‘고문당했다고’ 하는지 원망스러웠다. 결국 그들 나름의 ‘자기합리화’ 때문이라고 여겼다. 공안사건에 연루되는 인사들은 비밀결사 등 조직에 소속돼 있다. 조사를 받은 이들 상당수는 해당 조직 기밀을 당국에 제공하는 조건으로 풀려났다. 원래 조직으로 복귀한 뒤 대접이 예전 같겠는가. ‘배신자’ 소리 듣지 않으려면 비밀누설에 대한 정당한 이유를 대야 한다. 결국 ‘고문에 못 이겨서’라는 대답이 제일 타당하지 않겠나.

- 고문피해자로 나선 이들과 본인의 주장이 너무 상반된다. 둘 중 하나는 거짓말을 하고 있다는 얘기 아닌가.
▲ 진실공방이 벌어진다 해도 내가 안 한 것은 안 한 거다. 화가 나면 쥐어박지 치사하게 뭘 접고, 꽂고 하겠나.


장관 김근태와 죄수 이근안의 포옹

- 85년 김근태 당시 민청련 의장 고문사건으로 세간의 주목을 받았다. ‘전기고문’ 파문도 그때 불거졌다.
▲ 처음부터 내가 그 사건을 수사한 것은 아니다. 당시 민청련 초대의장이었던 김근태씨는 수시로 정보기관에 연행된 전력이 있었다. 가족 중에도 이적 혐의가 짙은 인물이 있어 당국이 예의주시하던 인물이었다. 검거 된 그가 무려 12일 동안 묵비권을 행사하자 치안본부에서 내게 수사기록을 넘겼다. 하룻밤 꼬박 새며 수사기록을 본 뒤 “간첩이라 결론을 낼 수는 없지만 지하조직에 몸담고 있는 것으로 보인다”고 보고를 하자 직접 심문하라는 명령이 떨어졌다. ‘절대 피의자 몸에 손대지 말라’는 특별지시가 내려온 상황에서 그의 입을 열게 할 방법으로 고안한 것이 이른바 ‘전기고문’이었다.

- 피의자 입을 열게 하려고 전기고문을 했다는 건가.
▲ 먼저 분명히 해야 할 게 있다. 당시 전기고문의 실체는 내가 취미삼아 만든 모형 비행기 모터에서 뺀 ‘AA 건전지 2개’라는 점이다.

- 건전지 2개로 전기고문이 가능한가?
▲ 그래서 고문이 아니라는 거다. 그때 김근태씨를 앞에 두고 두 시간 넘게 일부러 말로 겁을 줬다. “너 같은 녀석은 전기구이를 해 버려야 바른 말을 한다”는 식으로 상대를 주눅 들게 한 것이다. 한참후에 눈을 가린 뒤 맨 발바닥에 소금물을 뿌리고 건전지 두 개를 대며 계속 겁을 줬다. 이미 잔뜩 긴장한 상태에서 찌릿찌릿한 감각이 느껴지는데 놀라지 않을 사람이 어디 있나.

- ‘잔혹한’ 전기고문에 대한 증언은 또 있다. 민병두 전 민주당 의원은 과거 언론 기고문에서 “이근안은 잡지 ‘선데이서울’ 보면서 전기고문의 볼트수를 올렸다 내렸다”라고 밝혔었다.
▲ 손가락만한 건전지 2개가 전부인데 어떻게 전압을 올렸다 내렸다 할 수 있는지 모르겠다.

- 2005년 여주교도소 수감 당시 김근태 당시 복지부장관과 독대하며 과거의 잘못을 사죄했다고 알려졌다. 이것도 사실이 아닌가?
▲ 어느 날 교도소장이 불러서 갔더니 “복지부 장관이 영감님 면회를 오신다는데 한번 만나보라”고 하더라. 현직 장관이 직접 온다는데 거절할 이유가 없지 않나. 변호사들이 수감자를 만나는 ‘특별접견실’에 먼저 도착해 기다리니 김 장관이 들어왔다. 정중히 고개를 숙이며 “지날 일은 죄송하게 됐다”고 하자 김근태 장관이 양팔을 벌려 포옹을 해왔다. 그리고는 “그게 어떻게 개인의 잘못이냐. 이 시대가 낳은 비극 아니냐”며 위로를 건네는 게 아닌가. 솔직히 ‘정말 그릇이 큰 양반’이라고 느꼈다.

- 당시 언론에는 ‘눈 감을 때까지 용서를 구할 것’ ‘무릎 꿇고 용서를 빌었다’ 등의 내용이 실렸다.
▲ 김근태씨에게 종교에 심취해 있다는 나의 근황을 전하며 로마서 310(기록 된 바 의인은 없나니 하나도 없나니)을 인용했다. 그랬더니 사흘 뒤 신문에는 내가 무릎을 꿇고 빈 것으로 묘사됐다. 사실은 ‘이 세상 모든 사람이 죄인이기 때문에 회개하는 삶을 살아야 한다’는 뜻으로 한 말이었다. 무릎을 꿇거나 큰 절을 올린 일은 없다. 당시 언론보도를 보고 ‘붓쟁이’들의 말장난에 웃었다. 동료 수감자들은 ‘김근태가 영감님을 이용해 정치적 쇼를 한 거 아니냐’고도 했다. 하지만 김근태씨가 그곳까지 날 만나러 왔을 때는 정말 과거의 앙금을 털어버릴 뜻으로 오지 않았겠는가. 지금도 김근태씨가 정략적으로 날 이용하기 위해 만났다고는 생각하지 않는다. 얕은 수를 쓸 사람은 아니라고 느꼈다. 이후 김근태씨가 내 특별사면을 건의했다는 소식을 들었다. 사면은 불발됐지만 차라리 형기를 모두 채우고 출소한 게 다행이었다. 마음의 짐을 하나라도 덜은 셈이니까.


“심문도 하나의 예술이다”

- 재직 당시 간첩검거에 능했다. 실제 잡아들인 간첩단 규모는 어느 정도인가.
▲ 그건 국가기밀이다. 당시 남한에는 북한 지령을 받고 움직이는 간첩이 상당히 많았다. 공식적인 간첩검거 유공은 4건이지만 실제는 그보다 훨씬 많다는 것 정도만 밝히겠다.

- 2000년대 이후 이른바 ‘조작간첩’ 사건이 불거지며 상당수 인사들이 무죄를 선고받거나 민주화인사로 승격됐다. 이중엔 직접 담당했던 사건도 적지 않다.
▲ 일일이 할 말은 많지만 이 자리에서는 밝히지 않겠다. 하지만 분명한 것은 당시 피의자들의 혐의를 입증할 물증이 충분했다는 점이다. 시대가 바뀌면서 그때 수사기록은 모두 쓰레기가 됐다.

- 평생을 ‘고문기술자’로 불리며 숨어 지냈다. 시간을 돌려 과거로 간다면 다른 선택을 하지 않았을까.
▲ 아니다. 지금 당장 그때로 돌아간다 해도 나는 똑같이 일할 것이다. 당시 시대 상황에서는 ‘애국’이었으니까. 애국은 남에게 미룰 수 있는 일이 아니다.

- ‘고문기술자’라는 명칭에 대한 솔직한 심경은.
▲ 나는 ‘고문기술자’가 아니다. 굳이 기술자라는 호칭을 붙여야 한다면 ‘심문 기술자’가 맞을 것 같다. 논리로 자신을 방어하려는 이와 이를 깨려는 수사관은 치열한 두뇌싸움을 벌인다. 속된 말로 ‘선수끼리’의 대결이랄까. 그런 의미에서 심문도 하나의 ‘예술’이다. 비록 나는 그 예술을 아름답게 장식하지 못했지만.



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'고문기술자' 만난 김근태 "용서할 수 있게 해달라고…"
김형원 기자  2011.12.31

설 연휴를 앞둔 2005 27일이었다. 이날 고() 김근태 민주통합당 상임고문은 여주교도소에서 자신을 고문했던 이근안 전 경감을 만났다.

일부 언론은 김 고문이 이 만남으로 이근안 전 경감을 용서했다고 보도했지만, 사실은 그렇지 못했다. 용서하고 싶어했을 따름이다. 김 고문은 ‘고문기술자’를 만나고 돌아온지 13일 뒤인 220일 자신의 미니 홈피에 “그를 용서하고 화해할 수 있는 마음을 가질 수 있도록 해달라고 진정으로 하늘에 간절히 기도하고 있다”고 적었다.

이 고문은 1985년 서울대 깃발사건의 배후 조종 혐의로 치안본부 남영동 분실에 끌려가 11차례에 걸쳐 고문을 당했다. 칠성판(고문대) 위에서 전기고문과 물고문을 받았다. 전기고문을 할 때는 온몸을 발가벗긴 채로 머리와 가슴, 사타구니 등에 전기가 잘 통하게 물을 뿌렸다고 한다. 전기고문의 고통에 대해 김 고문은 “발끝에서 고통이 시작돼 머리끝까지 쑤시고 혀를 이빨로 깨물 정도”라고 했었다.

20년 만에 이 전 경감을 만날 때만 해도 김 고문은 그다지 내켜 하지 않았다. 이 전 경감을 만나게 된 데는 피치 못할 사정이 있었다. 당초 김 고문은 여주교도소에 수감돼 있던 이상락 전 의원을 면회할 예정이었다. 그런데 거기에 이근안 전 경감도 수감돼 있었던 것이다.

처음엔 이근안 전 경감을 만날 생각이 없었다고 했다. 김 고문은 “이근안씨가 이 전 의원이 있는 여주교도소에 함께 있다는 얘기가 뒤늦게 떠올랐다”면서 “비서관에게 안 갈 수 없느냐고 묻고, 내키지 않는다고 했다”고 말했다.

여주교도소까지 갔다가 그냥 돌아오면 옹졸한 사람, 국민 대통합을 주장하면서도 막상 솔선수범하지 않는 사람이 될까 봐 저어하기도 했다. 그런데도 내키지 않았다고 했다. 무엇보다 고통스러웠다고 회고했다. 면회를 가는 당일 오전까지 망설였다. 결국 이 전 경감이 동의하면 면회를 하겠다고 했다.

두 사람은 그렇게 만났다. 두 손을 잡고 악수를 했다. 김 고문은 “용서하는 마음을 갖고 왔다”고 전했다. 이 전 경감이 무릎을 꿇고 사죄를 하는 모습을 보고 “고맙다”고도 했다. 하지만 마음속까지 흔쾌하지는 않았다.

“저 사죄가 사실일까. 남영동의 책임자였던 박처원 씨의 치사한 배신에 분노하고, 권력에 의해 토사구팽당했다고 말하는 저 말 속에 짐승처럼 능욕하고 고문했던 과거에 대한 진실한 참회가 과연 있는 것일까. 중형을 받을까 봐 충분히 계산해서 나에 대한 고문범죄의 공소시효가 지난 시점에서야 비로소 자수했던 저 사람의 저 말에 대해 과연 믿을 수 있는 것인가.

의구심이 꼬리를 물었다. 김 고문은 이 전 경감이 ‘눈물을 흘리면서 얘기하는지, 또 어느 정도 흘리고 있는지’를 보고 있었다고 했다. 이 전 경감을 만난 사실이 언론에 알려지는 것을 원치 않았던 이유에 대해서 “무엇보다 내 마음이 잘 정리되지 않고 혼란스러웠기 때문”이라고 고백했다.

한 번의 만남은 강렬했다. 김 고문은 이 만남 이후 혼란을 느꼈고 입술이 부르틀 정도로 밤잠을 설쳤다. 그는 자신의 미니홈피에 “이제 지나가고자 한다. 정말로 넘어가고자 마음을 추스르고 있다”고 썼다.

30일 뇌정맥혈전증 등으로 숨진 김 고문의 빈소가 차려진 서울대병원 빈소에는 여야·계파를 넘어 조문객 수천 명이 다녀갔다. 이 전 경감은 출소해 현재 목사로 활동 중이다


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김근태 육필 항소이유서
http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/513112.html

Coase turn 101

Ronald Coase is 101 today




YTN 돌발영상 폐지와 BBK


공지영 @congjee
돌발영상 만들던 노종면기자 3년째 해직상태입니다 .. 돌발영상.. 정말 YTN의 간판이었는데 그래서 없어졌군요

“BBK관련 영상 고승덕변호사, 홍반장, 나경원 "식사하셨어요?"
한때, YTN의 간판이었던 돌발영상은 다음과 같은 자료를 내보냄으로 인해 폐지되는 아픔을 격고, 낙하산으로 인해 언론기능 상실이라는 운명에 처한다

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DO – why don’t we (Koreans) hire John Stewart ? Korea needs “Daily Show”
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Burma or Myanmar


NPR, All Things Considered 08:00 PM EST
December 1, 2011 Thursday
Whether 'Burma' Or 'Myanmar' The Root Is The Same

MELISSA BLOCK: why, to this day, there is confusion over whether it's Myanmar at all or Burma.

The country became the Republic of Burma when it won its independence from Great Britain in 1948.

Then, in 1989, the current military regime took power and dropped Burma, preferring Myanmar.

The U.N. went along with that decision, so did the New York Times. But the Washington Post and the BBC did not; they have stuck with Burma.

GUY RAZ: NPR chooses to split the difference, using Myanmar on first reference, along with a reminder that the country is also known as Burma. At the core of the confusion is a difficult, politically charged question: Does a military junta, known for repressing its people, get to decide a country's name? 

Angela Merkel's political and personal background


NPR, Morning Edition 11:00 AM EST
December 8, 2011 Thursday
Can Angela Merkel Save Europe From Economic Turmoil?

ERIC WESTERVELT: But CDU politician Elmar Brok, a member of the European parliament, says Merkel is using the crisis as an opportunity to reshape European fiscal policy more in tune with German postwar sensibilities of frugality, caution and historical fear of inflation.

She wants to have a long-term solution, not a cheap way. This is sometimes difficult in politics, which look for the next election date.

That cautious, methodical manner is rooted in Merkel's personality, as well as her political and personal background.  She is a bit of an anomaly as leader of her Christian Democratic Union, a party deeply influenced by Catholic social teachings with its core support traditionally in Western Germany. By contrast, she's the daughter of a Protestant minister who grew up in the then-Communist east of the country and trained to be a physicist before entering politics.  

Merkel biographer Gerd Langguth says her family had two cars and traveled relatively easily between East and West Germany, leading him to conclude that her pastor father had what he calls a sympathetic relationship with the Communist dictatorship. He says little in her orderly upbringing suggests she's capable of truly courageous leadership.

GERD LANGGUTH: She is not a dreamer, she is not a historian. She does not have big visions. She does not like to create big pictures of the future. She is a step-by-step decision-maker.

ERIC WESTERVELT: Langguth knows Merkel and finds the popular image of her as charismatically challenged and aloof unfair.  She's a logical, unpretentious woman, he says, who still lives in the same apartment that she did before becoming chancellor, with her husband, a chemist who hates media or public attention.  Yet Langguth says Merkel was not shaped by history the way her CDU predecessors Konrad Adenauer and Helmut Kohl were.  Kohl, he notes, as chancellor would sprinkle his speeches with personal memories of hardship, of American aid in the rough years after the war. His late wife had been raped by the Red Army and thrown out a window as a preteen.  Experience shaped Kohl's efforts to build a united Europe and a strong trans-Atlantic relationship

GERD LANGGUTH: Helmut Kohl was much more European by heart.  He knew what European unity means because he lived during the Second World War.

ERIC WESTERVELT: But Langguth says for Merkel the European project is much more a rational, matter-of-fact decision. She was born in 1954, nine years after the war, and learned about the conflict in school.  It was an ideologically loaded communist curriculum, the biographer notes, which glorified so-called anti-fascist fighters, downplayed atrocities, and sidestepped the full historical picture.

GERD LANGGUTH: It was not treated in the political and civic education in the same manner as in Western Germany. And of course, younger people do not feel personally responsible for the Second World War and for the Holocaust. So the experience never made Angela Merkel in her youth.

ERIC WESTERVELT: She is acutely aware of the European sensitivities toward a powerful, resurgent, economically dominant Germany,  Langguth says, but adds she may not appreciate it the same way as her predecessors did. Merkel often says if the euro fails, so does Europe.  But some wonder if she really feels the weight of history and her crucial role at this moment. As one biographer put it, in her years in power, Merkel has not made a single truly memorable speech. Yet that may not matter. A majority of Germans embrace their even-keeled chancellor. Her personal approval rating today remains near 60 percent, and more than half of her countrymen say they trust her to guide Europe out of the crisis. Eric Westervelt, NPR News, Berlin.

Troop Pullout Not the End of U.S. Presence In Iraq


NPR, All Things Considered, December 13, 2011 Tuesday
Biden: Iraq Will Be A Partner; History Will Judge If War Was Worth It

Iraq and the US are on the same page on Syria?  The US believes yes, the only concern Iraq has over sanction against Syria is adverse impact on poor, ordinary people.
ROBERT SIEGEL: Prime Minister al-Maliki expressed some reservations about sanctions against Syria. He remembers the sanctions against Iraq. With the Iraqis taking a different view of Syria on such a basic question, can the president persuade him, persuade the Iraqis?

JOSEPH BIDEN: It is not a fundamentally different view. Maliki has had overwhelming difficulty with Assad, has had confrontations with him, supports the Arab League's position, but is skeptical about whether or not the sanctions will result in the outcome -- getting rid of Assad and a stable government coming to the fore.  But we have no fundamental disagreement with the Iraqis

After the US pulls out of Iraq, Iran is likely to fill the vacuum?
ROBERT SIEGEL: Since Iraqi Shiites, Prime Minister Maliki among them, have very strong, historic religious ties with the biggest Shiite country, Iran, what is an appropriate limit to Iranian influence on that?

JOSEPH BIDEN:  .. the fact they share a religion, a Shiite religion, does not mean that they are close. .. the fact of the matter is that Maliki has been very tough with the Iranians. .. So there's no indication that Prime Minister Maliki is any other than a nationalist.

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NPR, Talk Of The Nation, December 13, 2011 Tuesday
Troop Pullout Not The End Of U.S. Presence In Iraq

Ted Koppel
The danger of a nation that is supporting terrorism. Oil, which was the great unspoken issue in 2002 and 2003, very much a part of this. The difference, of course, now is that the target is Iran, not Iraq. But the two are very close to one another, and the fact of the matter is that Iran is exercising an enormous influence throughout Iraq. 

And the oil fields, which have under the surface, they have something - I believe it's the second-largest reserves of any country in the world. That's all very close to Iran, and if Iran were to exercise significant political, let alone military, control in that region, together with their own oil and gas, they would have the capacity to wreak havoc on Western economies. 

the U.S. consulate down in Basra is rocketed two or three times a week
The first thing that happens when you arrive there is they give you a security briefing. And the security briefing is brief enough that I can give you here and now: When you hear the alarm, hit the deck face down. Put your hands over your ears, keep your mouth open, cross your legs. 
When you ask how long it is between the time that the alarm goes off and the rockets hit, the answer is .. about two seconds.

16,000 contractors and civilians that we're leaving behind
RICHARD: Yeah, I had a concern with those 16,000 contractors and civilians that we're leaving behind, basically without military protection. Are we setting up for another Iranian hostage crisis? And I don't mean the first one that everybody's forgotten about that was diffused nicely under Ambassador William Sullivan, but the second one that basically started Ted Koppel's fame as the leader of "Nightline," which was essentially to report on the Iranian hostage crisis that brought down a presidency

TED KOPPEL:  To this day, a good deal of Iran's military hardware is American, dating back to the time that we sold all the advanced weapon systems that we could to the shah of Iran.
 
What we have in Iraq today are hundreds, possibly even thousands, of civilian contractors who together with military trainers - the M1A1 tank for example is built by General Dynamics, and the people who are there are General Dynamics personnel who are training the Iraqis.

But that's - in many respects, that's a purely commercial proposition. The Iraqis over this past year or two have purchased $7.5 billion worth of weapons, and we have transferred another $2.5 billion under a foreign aid package.   

Shiite v. Sunni in Iraq
NEAL CONAN: This is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. I'm Neal Conan. When Ted Koppel visited Iraq recently on assignment for NBC's "Rock Center with Brian Williams," he spoke with one of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's official spokesmen who assured Koppel that the age-old Sunni-Shiite divide in Iraq is no longer an issue in his national forces.

Koppel then asked several uniformed officers about, some Sunni, some Shiite. At least one did not feel comfortable answering what to him was a sensitive question. Tensions have risen since the arrest of hundreds of former Baathists in the last couple of days. Some Iraqis fear the American withdrawal will leave room for divisions between Sunnis and Shiites to destabilize the country.

And I wanted to follow up with you, Ted, on that Shiite-Sunni divide. To call it a civil war is probably not exaggerating.  Back in 2005, 2006, 2007, many were dead. And it is the Shiites who are ascendant. The Sunnis under Saddam Hussein were ascendant. And many fear the withdrawal of the referee, as you will, the Americans, will provide the opportunity for this war to erupt again.

TED KOPPEL: Interestingly enough, back during the height of that fighting, some of the worst of it was down in Basra, Very heavily Shiite.
Prime Minister Maliki went down there ostensibly to suppress, and indeed ultimately they did suppress.  the Shiite forces who were largely supported by the Iranians.  
But that was done, although not much was made of it at the time, with very heavy U.S. military involvement.  Without that U.S. military involvement, I don't think A, Maliki would have gone down


No U.S. Troops, But An Army Of Contractors In Iraq
by TOM BOWMAN, NPR, December 27, 2011

(As many as 5,000 private security contractors will be protecting U.S. diplomats in Iraq. The U.S. Embassy compound (above) and several consulates will have about 15,000 workers, making it the largest diplomatic operation abroad.)

The U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, along with several consulates, will have some 15,000 workers, making it the largest U.S. diplomatic operation abroad. Those diplomats will be protected by a private army consisting of as many as 5,000 security contractors who will carry assault weapons and fly armed helicopters.

Embassy personnel will ride in armored vehicles with armed guards, who work for companies with names like Triple Canopy and Global Strategies Group.

Their convoys will be watched from above. Another company, DynCorp International, will fly helicopters equipped with heavy machine guns.

"The order to fire is given by that U.S. government, State Department security professional," he says. "So the contractors just don't open fire."

But private security contractors did fire back in 2007 while protecting a State Department convoy in Baghdad. Seventeen Iraqis were killed by guards working for the company then-called Blackwater.

The shooting created a major controversy, and a U.S. investigation later found the convoy was not under threat.

The State Department has a shaky record overseeing armed guards. A recent congressional study found that many contractor abuses in Iraq during the war were caused by those working for the State Department, not the military.


The death of Kim Jong-il and Vaclav Havel


Jared Genser: Two legacies as different as good and evil
By Jared Genser , 5:30 AM Monday Dec 26, 2011

In a strange, and some might say divinely inspired juxtaposition, Vaclav Havel and Kim Jong-il died around the same time about a week ago.

Their lives and their impact on people's lives were extraordinarily different. It is therefore unsurprising that much as Havel was himself deeply concerned about the fate of the 24 million people of North Korea, there is little evidence to suggest Kim had much concern about anyone but himself. But what is troubling is that analysis of the impact of Kim's death by most experts and commentators has ignored Havel's observations about North Korea. Havel suffered under the yolk of oppression in Soviet-occupied Czechoslovakia as a dissident playwright, poet, and polemicist. His writings, actions, and years in prison inspired his people to rise up against their totalitarian government, culminating in the Velvet Revolution and his election as President. He spent 13 years in office, being one of a few dissidents who have become effective Presidents.

And in his post-presidential years, he personally provided enormous aid and support to dissident movements and oppressed people around the world who yearned to be free.

But his enduring legacy will be his analysis of totalitarianism, what enables it to succeed, and how to oppose it. In simplified form, he often said "truth and love must prevail over lies and hate". On the other hand, Kim was a man on his own mission - to enrich himself, maintain power at any price, and to crush anyone who stood in his way. He was, in short, his father's son. It is hard to overstate the level of oppression he exerted on the population of the Hermit Kingdom. The abuses in North Korea under his rule were among the most severe in the world in the last 20 years.

As pro bono counsel to Havel, Elie Wiesel and former Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik, I worked with the Committee on Human Rights in North Korea and produced two reports on the human rights and humanitarian situation in the country.
The reports urged the invocation of the responsibility to protect doctrine, the obligation that all states have to prevent mass atrocities.

We concluded that North Korea was committing crimes against humanity against its own people. During its late 1990s famine, some one million people and perhaps many more died, and the population remains at constant risk of starvation with some 37 per cent of children chronically malnourished.
North Korea also operates a vast gulag system, with some 200,000 people imprisoned for real or imagined offences. These camps impose a brutal regimen on their populations, including forced labour, starvation-level rations, and widespread torture.
It is estimated more than 400,000 people have died in these camps in the past two decades. In that context, we urged the United Nations to create a commission of inquiry into crimes against humanity going on in North Korea.
Such an action would both document what has been happening and make recommendations on how the situation could be improved. It would also put pressure on the regime to engage with the United Nations on these critical issues.

Most of the analysis about the impact of Kim Jong-il's death has focused on questions about the stability of the new regime, its nuclear weapons programme, and what all this might mean for China, South Korea, and the world. I suspect this would not have been Havel's focus. I vividly recall a conversation with him about our work on North Korea where he made a simple observation - that the North Korean people's greatest concerns are their own survival and the abuses they suffer, not the country's nuclear programme.

Havel's profound truth should not be forgotten. While the external impact of North Korea on the world is an obvious focus, the international community continues to have an unfulfilled obligation to help ameliorate the suffering of the North Korean people.

* Jared Genser is a human rights lawyer and co-editor of The Responsibility to Protect: The Promise of Stopping Mass Atrocities in Our Times, Oxford University Press, 2011